They'll pretty much get indexed when they get indexed.
Turn around times vary wildly, but you can expect that in most cases it will take approximately a week (it's a safe estimate) for a new site or changes to a site which is relatively static to appear in the index - after it has been crawled.
If you update content very frequently, you'll find you get crawled a lot more often (even every few hours in some cases), and that indexing may also accelerate - more so for new content than old.
I'm uncertain what comment to pass on sitemaps, as their 'usefulness' is always a contentious issue. I tend to use them like you are - to get a new site indexed/noticed in the first place, although it's good to compliment this with a few good back-links, if possible.
The link Nikki has posted on priorities is good - in theory you might expect the higher priority pages to get indexed sooner - in reality, I would neither hold my breath waiting for this to happen, nor would I expect the difference to be very pronounced.
Remember that if Search Engines blindly follow our instructions (as content creators), then they become easier to game..!
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